How To Use Past Participles in Spanish

In both Spanish and English, past participles can come in handy. Not only can they be used as verbs, and not just for speaking about the past, they can also be adjectives and even nouns. Past Participles Behave Similarly in Spanish and English The past participles in the two languages have similar origins, so they are not only similar in function, but also vaguely similar in the way they are formed. In English, the past participle for regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the end. In Spanish, the past participle for regular verbs is formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs or -ido to the stem of -er or -ir verbs. To use a few examples of words that are similar in both languages, the past participle of to select is selected, and the past participle of seleccionar is seleccionado. The past participle of to exert is exerted; the Spanish equivalents are ejercer and ejercido. And just as the past participle of to comprehend is comprehended, the past participle of comprender is comprendido. Unfortunately for the learner, both languages have irregular past participles that dont always seem logical, and these need to be learned individually. (Examples of irregular English participles are broken, said, and gone.) Among the common Spanish irregular participles are abierto (opened, from abrir, to open), dicho (said, from decir, to say), escrito (written, from escribir, to write), hecho (done or made, from hacer, to make or to do), and puesto (put, from poner, to put), Using Past Participles To Form Perfect Tenses As a verb form, the most common use of the past participle in the two languages is to form what are known as the perfect tenses (they are called perfect because they refer to actions that have been or will be completed). In English, the perfect tenses are those formed by using a form of the auxiliary verb to have and following it with the past participle; in Spanish, theyre formed by using a conjugated form of haber (haber and this usage of to have come from similar origins) and following it with the past participle. He ido. (I have gone.)Habrà ¡ salido. (He will have left.)Habà ­a estado enferma. (She had been sick.)Habrà ­a trabajado. (I would have worked.) Using Past Participles To Form Adjectives As in English, many past participles can be used as adjectives. As adjectives, they agree with the nouns they describe in both number and gender; plurals have an s added, and in the feminine form the final o is changed to a. Because of differences in which participles can be used as adjectives, the Spanish participles cant always be translated directly to English as an adjective. Hay tres personas heridas. (There are three wounded people.)La oficina tiene dos puertas abiertas. (The office has two open doors.)Estamos cansados. (Were tired.)Comprà © la casa renovada. (I bought the renovated house.)Espero que el bebà © està ¡ dormido. (I hope the baby is sleeping.)Los viajeros llegados fueron al restaurante. (The passengers who had arrived went to the restaurant. The arriving passengers went to the restaurant.)La ventana està ¡ rota. (The window is broken.) Using Past Participles as Nouns Because Spanish adjectives, especially those that are used as descriptive terms, can fairly freely be used as nouns, past participles are frequently used as nouns in Spanish. Past participles sometimes can became feminine nouns, thus ending in -a, when they become nouns. (The same thing can happen in English, but less frequently.) Usually, the meaning of the noun can be easily predicted from the meaning of the verb. For example, the past participle of desaparacer (to disappear) is desapracido (disappeared). So a desaparacido or desaparacida is someone who has disappeared or a missing person. Similarly, pintar means to paint something, so a pintada is the act of painting. Sometimes the noun has a meaning related to the verbs meaning but isnt readily predictable out of context. For example, the past participle of ver (to see) is the irregular visto (seen). A vista is a view, especially a scenic one. Similarly, vestir is the verb for getting dressed, and vestido can refer to some types or clothing or mean apparel. Using Past Participles for Passive Sentences Just as the passive voice in English can be formed by following to be with a past participle, the same can be done in Spanish by using a form of ser followed by the past participle. This construction should not be overused, as it is much less common in Spanish than in English, and it is even less common in speech than in writing. As the examples below show, the passive voice is a way of showing that a noun was acted upon without directly saying who or what performed the action. In such sentences, the past participle functions like an adjective in that it agrees with the subject in both number and gender. Fue descubierto. (It was discovered.)Fueron descubiertos. (They were discovered.)El libro serà ¡ publicado. (The book will be published.)La cancià ³n serà ¡ grabada. (The song will be recorded.)Los nià ±os serà ¡n vistos. (The children will be seen.)Las nià ±as serà ¡n vistas. (The girls will be seen.) Key Takeaways In both English and Spanish, past participles are a type of word that has characteristics of both nouns and adjectives.Regular Spanish past participles end in -ado for -ar verbs and -ido for -er and -ir verbs.When serving as adjectives, Spanish participles must match the nouns they refer to in number and gender.

Differences Between the Aoc and the Constitution - 1043 Words

The government that our country operates under in modern times is quite different than the government in place at our country’s conception. However, they do share many of the same practices and ideologies. The Articles of Confederation were founded on the basis of a very limited national government, and the idea that states should interact with each other through a â€Å"loose league of friendship†. In this friendship, the states would work and trade together, but no form of central government was needed. This system was not nearly sufficient for the nations problems at the time. Recognizing the need for a reform, the nations leaders tried to reform the current system, and with little success, the decision was made that they should start†¦show more content†¦In the Constitution, the Supreme Court is the overriding law of the land. The Supreme Court can overrule the decisions made by the likes of a state or appeals court. The Constitution is clear in its attempts to unify the nation and strengthen the federal government, all while maintaining the freedoms of the states and the feeling of equality. Though the Constitution is written in a vague way, leaving it to be open for interpretation and allowing it to conform with the changes that time brings to society. But because of the uncertainty of the document, it has often been misinterpreted, or has caused a wide array of viewpoints of a certain issues. The most memorable example being that of the Civil War, but today it is even more prevalent when we try to relate modern day issues to the ambiguous instructions left to us by our forefathers. Presently, our country is at its core guided by a document called the Constitution, and it has been that way since 1787. Before the time of the Constitution there was another written document that ran this country known as the Articles of Confederation. Though with both of them having, at the core, the same goal of uniting the country, they w ent about it in very different ways. In the Articles, equality and a feeble central government are praised, while state power runs rampant, and severe economic problems cause irreversible civil unrest that lead to the creation of a new document known as the Constitution. InShow MoreRelatedArticles Of Confederation Vs. The Constitution Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesJake Roseman AP GOV and Politics February 1 Articles of Confederation Vs. The Constitution There were plenty of differences between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation. When the American Revolution ended the free states needed some sort of control that would create a unified country. 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Since the revenues entitlements of the TDs are determined retroactively (through an adjustment of GDS), the utilities have little incentive to improve their 9.

The Conditions Of The Nineteenth Century And Why It Was...

The aim of this essay is to understand the conditions of the Nineteenth century and why it was described as the sanitary era. During the nineteenth century Britain was facing a Public Health crisis and was in dire need of new sanitary reforms. There was a problem with Britain’s vast rise in population, diseases, housing conditions and governmental issues all being faced during this era. Living conditions through the nineteenth century was unimaginable (Clark, G. 2005). This was the era of the big industrial revolution. It is important to remember that nineteenth century was the era in which Britain’s Public Health was introduced (Clark, G. 2005). The impact of the industrial revolution era generated a source of income for the government and the people, which resulted to an increase in the British and European economy (Allen, R. C. 2007). This meant that people were moving into the cities to be closer to factories for jobs; it also meant that new buildings were being built closely to each other with poor sanitary conditions. The building conditions were poor and damp, which then led to overcrowding and spreading of diseases (Ashton. R.J.2015) The cities population was rapidly increasing due to the migration of people into cities for work and better way of living. The growth in population was also a cry out for better sustainable sanitation implementations. The soaring population saw the roads of Britain becoming slums and people were living in squalor. The houses thatShow MoreRelatedLaissez Faire Vs. State Intervention1467 Words   |  6 Pages‘laissez-faire’ mean? 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Mobile Health Applications For Mental Health - 3491 Words

Table of Contents Introduction 3 Examination of Context and Background: 4 Problem Statement, Purpose, and Research Question: 5 Literature Review 6 What is Mobile Health? 6 Mobile Health Applications for Mental Health 7 Clinical Assessment Treatment Progress: 8 Skills Training: 9 Enhanced Communication with Providers: 10 Reminders Medication Adherence: 10 Challenges of Mobile Health Technology for Behavioral Health: 10 User Interface Design in Mental Health Mobile Health Apps 10 Benefits of Mobile Health Apps for Mental Health Interventions: 11 Barriers to Mobile Health App Adoption for People with Serious Mental Illness: 11 Methodology 12 Results: 15 Discussion 22 Journal Article 24 References: 25 Introduction Mobile technology has†¦show more content†¦As mobile devices have become increasingly available, less expensive to own, and cellular networks have grown more widespread, smartphone ownership has grown. Mobile technology has the potential to decrease barriers to access to mental health care and may be a useful tool for increasing patient engagement. As new technologies emerge, it will be important to develop a framework for assessing the impact of health interventions for people with serious illness. Examination of Context and Background: Mobile health interventions have the potential to reach a large segment of the U.S. adult population. According to a national survey conducted by the Pew Institute, over 90% of U.S. adults own a mobile phone and over 50% own a smartphone [2]. Mobile technologies hold promise in expanding access to care and improving existing health interventions [3]. As cellular infrastructure improves and smartphones rapidly decrease in cost, there is an opportunity to expand mental health services beyond the traditional clinical office space and broadly distribute information and resources [4]. Serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, are among leading causes of disability globally [5]. There is increasing awareness of the potential in using mobile technologies to expand treatment options and assessment tools for people with serious mental illness [6]. Mental illness has been shown to be a risk factor for poverty and social

Traditional Gender Views and the Exceptions Free Essays

Gender is an factor of an individual’s being that permeates all aspects of his or her life. From the moment a person is born into the world, he or she is classified either as a female or a male. The way society treats and reacts to this person is then treated accordingly to that initial categorization. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Gender Views and the Exceptions or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is it then that epitomizes the masculinity and the femininity of an individual. How does American society view a feminine individual and how does this differ from how the same society views masculine individuals? Masculinity refers to a human’s personal level or degree of manliness. Chafetz (35-36) describes masculinity as being distributed over seven areas: physical, functional, sexual, emotional, emotional, intellectual, interpersonal, other personal characteristics. A masculine individual is said to be virile, strong, able to provide for his family, sexually aggressive and experienced, unemotional, practical, dominating, free, demanding, and success-oriented. Thus an individual who is more able to take risks and who is better able to exhibit a sense of confidence and independence is considered to be more masculine. Physical attributes such as facial hair, toned muscles, and large body frames are also more characteristic of individuals who are considered to be masculine. Femininity, on the other hand, is directly linked by the 1996 Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language to traits   such as gentleness, kindness, and patience (708). Feminine characteristics are usually associated with nurturing and life-giving characteristics. The woman’s traditional role as a mother and wife are the most emphasized qualities of a feminine individual. Thus a female who is demure, obedient, and able to display physical attributes that are favored in the life-giving process, such as large breasts, wide hips, and full lips, is considered to be more feminine than most. Studies have shown that a man’s traditional view of a female or feminine individual is based heavily on masculine ideology, which focuses centrally on the sexual aspect of a woman’s breasts and bodies. The propagation of these masculine ideologies were even more stressed by the fact that media continues to portray females as beings whose primarily roles are focused on their sexual bodies. (Ward et al, 712) Many can see, however, that the barriers of traditional gender roles are being broken by modern American males and females. More and more females are found in the workplace, becoming the breadwinners for their family. Females are also seen engaging in extreme and traditional sports. Women’s roles in American society were seen to drastically change in the late twentieth century as a result of the new opportunities given to them (Mackey Immerman, 271) There are also men who have opted to become the stay-at-home parents. It is has become more acceptable for men to show their emotions. And a new breed of men have come to be called metrosexuals, males who indulge in their physical appearance in the same way that was previously only attributed to feminine individuals. The breaking of stereotypes of masculinity and femininity has become rampant in the United States and this may well prove to be the beginning of the end of the reign o traditional views of masculinity and femininity in American society. Even though sex and gender are clear categorical divisions established upon birth, the long-established ramifications of being male or female and the parameters that these traditions set can be overcome. Works Cited Chafetz, Janet S. Masculine/feminine or human?:an overview of the sociology of sex roles. IL: F.E. Peacock Publishers, 1974 â€Å"Femininity† Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1996. Mackey, Wade, C., Immerman, Ronald S â€Å"The fertility paradox: gender roles, fertility and cultural evolution† Mankind Quarterly 45(2005):271- Ward, Monique L., Merriwether, Ann, Caruthers, Allison. â€Å"Breasts are for men: media, masculinity ideologies, and men’s beliefs about women’s bodies.† Sex Roles 55(2006): 703-714 How to cite Traditional Gender Views and the Exceptions, Essay examples

Enterprise Planning and Implementation in Woolworths Australia

Question: Discuss about the Enterprise Planning and Implementation in Woolworths Australia. Answer: Introduction This paper describes implementation process of effective enterprise planning for Woolworths Australia, it is an Australian-owned business for consumers merchandise. It has been witnessed that currently, the organization requests a decrease in IT-associated savings, in addition desires a faster market solution. Background of Woolworths Australia Woolworths Australia (informally termed as Woolies) is an Australian grocery store/supermarket series of outlets held through Woolworths Limited as the majority shareholders. In conjunction with Coles, Woolworths shape a duopoly of grocery stores in Australia, collectively representing approximately 79% of the marketplace. The supermarket chain regularly majors in retailing foodstuffs such as packaged foods, meat, fruit, and vegetables; and besides selling DVDs, stationery pieces and magazines. Woolworths presently controls more than 900 outlets crisscrossing the Australian market: 857 stores plus an extra 20 small outlets having a similar trademark. A few Woolworths superstores carry on as Safeway shops in Victoria, counting the three shops in the environs and neighboring sections of Melbourne, and one in New South Wales in addition to three in the countryside of Victoria. Alignment with the Existing Business Strategies Anywhere an industrial assignment is developed, it each explicitly or surely makes use of a specific business exhibit that depicts the arrangement or plan of the regard creation, motion, and capture frameworks it uses. The path of a course of movement is in portraying the course via which the try passes on a motivating pressure to clients, appeals clients to pay for regard, and modifications over the one's portions to profit. It in this manner mirrors employer's hypothesis approximately what customers require, how they require it, and how the funding can create to extraordinary cope with the one's troubles, be paid for doing for that reason, and make a bonus (Al?Turki, 2011). Alignment with the Existing Business Process Organizations, in the end, must be extra patron oriented, especially for the cause that development has improved to allow the decrease charge recreation plan of records and purchase sports activities plans. Those headways, in this manner, oblige businesses, as an example, Woolworths Australia to evaluate again the boosted offers they gift to clients in numerous components, the delivery aspect pushed method of reasoning of the mechanical length isn't always practical anymore (Teece, 2010). A Future State of the Organization The management of Woolworths Australia is trying to increase their business to faraway markets in multiple years and also access cloud computing. In the midst of the final half of the 20th century, diverse deterrents to all-inclusive exchange fell and a surge of corporations began seeking out after ordinary strategies to get an excessive floor. However, a couple ventures advantage extra from globalization than do others, and multiple nations have a superb role over diverse international locations mainly ventures. To make a feasible regular technique heads first want to recognize the approach for ordinary companies and the additives of popular opposition (Aroon et al, 2015). The Switch: moving from the Current State to a Future State Inside the route of recent years, enterprise resource planning or ERP has turned into the pillar utilization of general businesses. Those frameworks sit down on centralized servers or mainframes, maintained through a handpicked institution of it individuals, discreetly and cosseted beating thru the crucial work of backing up essential statistics in an agency. No matter whether it's miles presenting all an appropriate record on an in-the-nick-of-time premise, keeping near control of stock or simply printing out representative time-sheets, the ERP framework can be a definitive controlling aspect. The product utilized dependably must be nice in elegance and is often so highly-priced that it is able to honestly bother a manager at the off risk that it has to such a volume as a glitch. To place it evidently, ERP is each common and completely vital to any technology employer's prosperity. In any case, is it a possibility to call time on ERP? Several groups are peering toward these highly-priced frameworks and pondering whether ERP can be moved out into the cloud. The cloud will completely disturb the ERP exhibit due to the fact the arena is shifting to the cloud (cloud computing), and it is going to be the maximum crucial issue inside the development of ERP all through the subsequent decade. Now not that the cloud will expel the middle of on-begin ERP. For the following, five years or more managers will see the employer of half-and-half ERP, a blend of the on-web page and the cloud. What is known is that there will be occasions when on-premises ERP is the approach and some location the cloud is extra qualified. Companies like Woolworths Australia discover that they do not require more personnel, they're able to perform nicely with few people as a result of making use of cloud-based total offerings in preference to complex, frequently custom designed answers. Strategic Plan/Conceptual Design/Business Case A course of action clarifies the idea, the records, and other confirmation that assist an esteem suggestion for the consumer, and a sensible structure of income and prices for the project passing on that fee (Ettore Enrico, 2015). Essentially, it's about the favorable position the strive will bypass on to customers, how it will make to do thusly, and how it'll get a chunk of the esteem that it passes on. A not too bad course of action will provide noteworthy incentive to the customer and collect (for the specialist or implementer of the course of action) a possible fragment of this in livelihoods. Adoption and Change Management Converting the commercial enterprise is a key management creativity which has now turned into an everyday practice. All matters taken into consideration, dealing with a business now compares to changing it. At the same time as change can considerably have an effect on the overall populace in an association, the ones identical individuals will have a drastically greater noteworthy impact on the exchange. Enlarge agencies are sanctioned with empowering nimble enterprise strategies to deliver more noteworthy consequences to the affiliation, at the equal time managing the overall population, technique, and innovation changes (Fabbri, 2016). Within the trade, the organization must focus on the corporations capability to a viable size and impact "present and destiny kingdom bureaucracy" in a manner that maintains each the trade increase also, the commercial enterprise going at complete pace. Via developing gauges, the route can be accommodated and prolonged to colleagues and help to pick out up the in advance investment of the chosen circumstance of the enterprise forms. The venture group can then acquaint great practices with executing manner development, oversee gaining knowledge of as a key resource, and assure effective appropriation of development (Margaret et al, 2014). Risk Management The contemporary operating circumstance at Woolworths Australia is asking for a greater integrated risk administration technique. It's miles now not great to manage peril at the individual interest level or in all the way down to earth storage centers. Relationship round the world is benefitting from a total approach to coping with to deal with each one of their risks. Today, affiliations are long gone up in opposition to with an extensive kind of types of danger (e.g. method, program, operational, augment, coins associated, resourceful, security, political, prosperity). Threats that present themselves on distinct fronts and additionally odd state, excessive - have an effect on dangers ask for a taken care of out, actual corporate reaction. Consequently, joined hazard employer is described as a continuing, proactive and systematic approach to appreciate, supervise and bypass at the risk from an affiliation huge angle. It is about selecting key decisions that add to the fulfillment of an affiliation's widespread commercial enterprise targets (John Dave, 2012). Governance Stakeholder Management These days, each participant in commercial enterprise pass up against the hobby and the impact of different human beings and groupings. Specifically, greater endeavors need to watch over the necessities of their spark off owners furthermore of numerous social events, like laborers, open interest packs like natural affiliations, imperative friends, journalists or open watching bodies. As confirmed by way of each affiliation's unique condition, this as soon as over should without a whole lot of quantity be produced. Thus, all businesses work interior and remarkable route of movement of pastimes and outcomes. Management desires to evaluation and survey those outside forces to regulate them with commercial enterprise destinations (Mahmoud et al, 2015). Governance Costing and Budgeting Outer stakeholders appearance to the distinction of the price range, as well as the budgeting exercise while evaluating the reliability of an employer (Katarzyna Magdalena, 2013). An operational economic progression is one that considers input of the stakeholders and deliberates on them and modifications their input to tips for deeds (investments) for the advancement of the business. Recommendation Within the typical forceful circumstance, the capacity to develop a transnational various leveled capability is the key aspect which can assist the company to acclimate to the conformities inside the dynamic condition. As the brisk rate of globalization renders the conventional techniques for cooperating unimportant, it's miles fundamental for administrators to have a normal attitude to constrain. Globalization of enterprise has provoked the improvement of the overall key organization. A mix of key organization and global commercial enterprise will gain approaches for a universal hobby. Anyhow, there are obstacles to headways while in transit to globalization. Conclusions The troubles made with the aid of these obstructions can be understood through desirable tries in the attitude of shared functions of enthusiasm of the social activities blanketed. Fitting affordable correspondence may be a key a part of overall frameworks when you consider that what is genuine blue and intense in one tradition can be inadequate and despicable in another. Showing things all round is psyche boggling and troublesome due to multiple elements consisting of international strategic alliances, coordination and manipulate of universal promoting, correspondence, regional alternate squares, and a preference for normal approach. Bibliography Al?Turki, U., 2011. A Framework for strategic planning in maintenance. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 17(2), pp. 150-162. Aroon Manoharan , James Melitski , Daniel Bromberg, 2015. State strategic information system plans: An assessment integrating strategy and operations through performance measurement. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 28(3), pp. 240-253. Dandira, M., 2011. The impact of executive directors' service contracts on strategic plan. Business Strategy Series, 12(1), pp. 12-18. Ettore Bolisani , Constantin Bratianu, 2017. Knowledge strategy planning: an integrated approach to manage uncertainty, turbulence, and dynamics. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(2). Ettore Bolisani , Enrico Scarso, 2015. Strategic Planning approaches to knowledge management: a taxonomy. VINE, 45(4), pp. 495-508. Fabbri, E., 2016. Strategic planning and foresight: the case of Smart Specialisation Strategy in Tuscany. Foresight, 18(5), pp. 491-508. John Sterling, Dave Rader, 2012. Conference report Dynamic discourse drives effective strategy implementation: Association for Strategic Planning's annual conference recap. Strategy Leadership, 40(6), pp. 5-10. Katarzyna Twarowska, Magdalena K?kol, 2013. International Business Strategy: Reasons and Forms of Expansion into Foriegn Markets. Zadar, Croatia, s.n. Mahmoud Rajablu, Govindan Marthandan, Wan Fadzilah Wan Yusoff, 2015. Manaing for Stakeholders: The role of Staholder-based management in Project Success. Asian Social Science, 11(3), pp. 111-122. Margaret F. Reid , Lynne Brown , Denise McNerney , Dominic J. Perri, 2014. Time to raise the bar on nonprofit strategic planning and implementation. Strategy Leadership, 42(3), pp. 31-39. Nicolas Kachaner , Kermit King , Sam Stewart, 2016. Four best practices for strategic planning. Strategy Leadership, 44(4), pp. 26-31. Oliveira, E. H. d. S., 2015. Place branding in strategic spatial planning: A content analysis of development plans, strategic initiatives and policy documents for Portugal 2014-2020. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(1), pp. 23-50. Teece, D., 2010. Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(1), pp. 174-192.

Love Canal Essay Example

Love Canal Essay The case of Love Canal is one of the most tragic and well-known instances of environmental injustice in the history of the United States. Historically, blame has been placed upon the company that has since been held legally responsible for the wastes present in the area. Once one dives deeper into the issue, however, it can be seen that there are various deceptions that lie underneath what the media has reported regarding the disaster. In addition to discovering where true liability for the disaster lays, this can lead to developing strategies within the country to guarantee that this type of disaster does not happen again. Ironically enough, this disaster began with a dream for a better future. In the late 1800’s, William T. Love, a wealthy businessman at the time, had a dream to build a model industrial city in his hometown of Niagara Falls. He wanted to provide the city with a source of cheap power, so he decided that he would dig a canal to connect the upper and lower banks of the Niagara River, to provide space for a hydroelectric power plant. Unfortunately, an economic downturn caused abandonment of the project, and only about one mile of the canal was ever dug. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Canal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Love Canal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Love Canal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From 1920 to 1943, the city of Niagara Falls used the small amount of canal as a municipal waste dumpsite. In 1943, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Company bought the canal, and began dumping toxic waste chemicals into the water in big chemical drum containers. They continued to pollute there until 1953, when they filled the canal with earth and sold it to the city of Niagara Falls for just one dollar. The city built one hundred new residential homes and a public school there. When residents began occupying the houses, they were oblivious to the toxic chemicals that were buried underneath the ground right in their backyards and directly underneath the school that their children attended. Eventually, the chemicals rotted entirely through the drum containers, and began leaching into backyards, basements, and even the school’s lower floor. Then the inexplicable increase in illnesses began. By the 1970’s, there was a massive rate of birth defects (5 of the 24 children born had defects), miscarriages (50%), and congenital defects being found in the residents of the town and their children (Regenstein). Children who attended the public school were becoming very ill with symptoms stemming from neurological problems, some of which the doctors even had a hard time diagnosing. One housewife of the town, Lois Gibbs, began noticing that her 7-year-old son was coming home from school sick more than ever before, and discovered that he had developed symptoms while at school. She began doing research on the area, and discovered the Love Canal’s past. She pleaded for the city to evacuate residents. Although ignored by officials, she drew up quite a large base of supporters, many people also noticing that their children had become ill since they began attending the school. Eventually, after many cases of illnesses and much public opposition, the city began evacuating young children first, and then families who lived in the residential houses. The media found Lois Gibb’s story very appealing. They followed her journey from starting as a housewife in a small town in New York State to becoming an outspoken leader for a movement to hold the Hooker Chemical Company responsible for what had happened there two decades before. She felt that the Hooker Chemical Company should be liable for cleaning up the site and reimbursing families who had been affected by the pollution. Although Lois Gibbs shared an opinion with many people, there was just not enough concrete evidence to convict the company of being responsible. One person that found Gibb’s story worthy of public attention was Michael Brown, who wrote a book called Laying Waste: The Poisoning of America by Toxic Chemicals, in which he laid all blame directly on the Hooker Chemical Company for the disaster. This book was adopted as the true story by most media outlets, so naturally the public was convinced that the company was to blame and no one else. As public knowledge increased due to Lois Gibb’s efforts, remediation became much more important. On August 7th, 1978, President Jimmy Carter approved emergency government aid for the area, which was the first time government funds were used for a disaster that was not considered to be â€Å"natural. † This funding became the Environmental Protection Agency’s Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, also known as the â€Å"Superfund† program. Over one hundred million dollars was used to clean up the canal. Efforts finally concluded in 2004, when the land was considered safe to once again live on. Residents have begun to fill the newly-renovated residential homes in the town that they have now officially renamed the Black Creek Village. With the case of Love Canal comes controversy over who is fully to blame for the issues at hand. Historically, the blame has been placed on the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Company because they were the company that was actively dumping toxic chemicals in the abandoned canal. Also, many people such as Lois Gibbs and her supporters) believe that the company sold the land for such a cheap price because they knew that there would be detrimental effects on the environment and human health due to the wastes. The government took this position on the matter as well. The U. S. Department of Justice, who acted for the Environmental Protection Agency, sued the company by filing four suits against it and its parent corporation, the Occidental Petroleum Corporation. The four suits requested that the company have to clean up the four sites in Niagara Falls that posed a danger to residents of the region. After the case went to trial, it became clear that even the Judicial System agreed that Hooker Chemical Company was responsible for the damages that resulted from the dumping. The New York Times published an article on February 24, 1988 that was considered a great victory for those who viewed the situation as the Hooker Company’s fault. The article described the rulings of the federal trial against the Occidental Petroleum Corporation. John T. Curtin, the active judge on the case, ruled that the company was liable for the damages under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. The judge also states that in addition to being responsible for the production and dumping of the wastes, they also stored the wastes in dangerous ways that would eventually lead to leaching straight through the storage drums. With this ruling, however, one has to ask why the U. S. Regulatory System would approve the company’s disposal techniques. It is also important to ask whether or not the chemicals would have actually leached if they were not disturbed by the construction vehicles that most likely punctured the drum containers. The issue of repayment was not settled in the trial, although the government was asking for $117,580,000 to replace the money that they had spent. This problem was not settled until June 1989. On the morning of June 1, 1989, Thomas C. Jorling, Commissioner at the time of the New York State Department of Conservation, issued a public news release to announce that the Occidental Petroleum Corporation had signed a consent order for the storage and destruction of the wastes from the Love Canal cleanup. This was the company’s first acknowledgement and acceptance of responsibility for the cleanup efforts. This was also a landmark agreement because the cleanup had previously been performed by government agencies, funded by taxpayers’ money. This was the first case that bound a company to pay for clean-up funds, rather than making taxpayers cover the costs. The agreement saved taxpayers more than $20 million that would have been used for construction, operating, and engineering costs. The company agreed to transport the chemicals that were brought up from the ground to their plant in Niagara Falls, store them in a newly renovated and safe storage building, and burn them in an incinerator that was set to be built at the plant. Although in signing this consent order the company assumed responsibility, they still fought to ensure that they were not legally liable for the damages and public health effects of the wastes present in the canal. At this point, many people were pleased with the fact that the Hooker company was being held responsible for what they had done. A various perspective on the issue, however, can be seen in an article titled â€Å"Love Canal: The Truth Seeps Out,† written by a long-time contributor of Reason magazine, Eric Zuesse, that was published in the February 1981 issue of the magazine. In the article, Zuesse states that the Niagara Falls Board of Education is the party that should be taken to court by the Justice Department. He believes that â€Å"hardly ever has there been a more blatant example of Big Brother successfully hiding the skeletons in his closet or of a gullible investigative reporter and compliant media going along with the cover-up so that a bunch of bureaucrats can pass the buck to some bewildered private interest. He suggests that the case of Love Canal is an example of government keeping secrets from public knowledge so as to keep the real persons responsible safe and punish and destroy private interest corporations who are easily blamed for the problem. A â€Å"gullible investigative reporter† is Zuesse’s referral to Brown and his book that was adopted by the media. Zuesse states that his first indication that the true story was not being told was that there was little mention of the fact that the Board of Education had owned the l and for 25 years prior to all of the uncovering of the land’s past usages. He began doing research, and found the deed that was used in the transfer of property. There is a clause at the end of the deed that contains this statement: †¦ The grantee herein has been advised by the grantor that the premises above described has been filled †¦ with waste products resulting from the manufacturing of chemicals by the grantor †¦ and the grantee assumes all risk and liability incident to the use thereof †¦ As a part of the consideration for this conveyance and as a condition thereof, no claim, suit, or action or demand f any nature whatsoever shall be made by the grantee †¦ against the grantor, for injury to a person or persons, including death resulting there from, or loss of or damage to property caused by †¦ said industrial wastes. (1) In this excerpt from the deed, it is shown that the Hooker Company had warned the Board of Education of the risks associated with development and use of the land that was being sold to them. Also, they transferred all legal liability to the Board of Education for any property loss, injuries, or deaths resulting from the use of the land. The fact that the Board of Education still agreed to buy this land, and then additionally decided to build a public school on it, cannot be overlooked in the issue of who is to blame for the destruction at Love Canal. Zuesse also believes that although at first it seems that the Hooker Company was anxious to rid themselves of the land, it can be interpreted that they were giving a clear warning to not only the Board of Education but to all future owners of the land that it is a dangerous place to develop on. Zuesse states that it is tough to attribute this fact to the â€Å"reckless and negligent attitude† that the media was characterizing the company as having, which could be why it was overlooked by the general public. Zuesse also tried to contact various former members of the Board of Education that were involved in the purchase of the land, and not one of them would comment on the matter. They either hung up on him or ignored the situation completely. One member just said that â€Å"it’s better to let sleeping dogs lie,† and commented that the Board had no legal liability. This is obviously false when you take a look at the deed itself. The Hooker Company did not want any of this to happen. They wanted the land to be left alone, or sold to someone who would take care of the problem. Zuesse has some concrete evidence to support the claim that although the Hooker Chemical Company may have been responsible for the chemicals, the Board of Education can be seen as the real perpetrator for building on land that they knew was not suitable for a residential area, and especially not for a school which young children attended. The Board put their residents in danger by ignoring the various warnings they were provided with. With all of this information, the question must be asked as to whether the Justice Department was right in bringing a lawsuit against the company. Obviously, the company was easiest to blame for the disaster. Also, families who were affected by Love Canal were so distraught that they couldn’t fully comprehend the fact that there may have been other factors that contributed. In New York State, it is illegal to transfer legal liability for land between parties, so technically it was acceptable for the Justice Department to bring the Hooker Company to court. However, it should be stated that in addition to punishing the company, they should also bring the Board to court and try them for negligence. This case is especially relevant still today because since the U. S. Regulatory System knew this practice was going on and still approved it, there could be many other sites in the same situation as Love Canal just waiting to be uncovered. Because of this, new policies need to be enacted. First of all, there needs to be new standards of what constitutes a safe way of disposing of these harsh chemicals. Of course, this dumping began in the 1950’s, and since then we have adopted stricter rules on the matter, but companies continue to work around them, still dumping chemicals in waterways to this day. Also, there needs to be a citizen right to know policy enacted, in which citizens have the right to knowledge regarding all pollutants and chemicals that they come into contact with throughout their daily lives. Perhaps if the Love Canal residents had known exactly what chemicals were present there, they would have demanded better standards for the land that they lived on and they would have demanded that the remediation be performed sooner, before they all came down with strange symptoms. Sometimes in our society, horrible circumstances have to take place in order to improve our standards of living. Sadly, the Love Canal tragedy occurred because basic human rights were overlooked in order to make a prosperous city. However, we can extract lessons from this to guarantee that it does not happen again. Works Cited â€Å"A Judge Orders Company to Pay Love Canal Cost. † (Metropolitan Desk). New York Times. 24 Feb 1988. New York State Newspapers. Web. 13 Nov 2009. Jorling, Thomas. â€Å"Occidental Chemical Signs Consent Order for Storage and Destruction of Love Canal Wastes. † EPA Press Release (1989). Web. 11 Nov 2009. Regenstein, Lewis. America the Poisoned. Illustrated ed. Washington, D. C. : Acropolis Books Ltd. , 1982. Print. Zuesse, Eric. â€Å"Love Canal: The Truth Seeps Out. † Reason Magazine Feb 1981: 16-33. Web. 11 Nov 2009.